The History Of The Canterbury Tales English Literature Essay

The History Of The Canterbury Tales English Literature Essay Social condition Chaucer, a traveler while in transit to Canterbury, makes the excursion with 31 different pioneers. The general public is still especially medieval as appeared by the manner in which he depicts his kindred travelers. Air As Chaucer depicts his partners, the climate as a rule appears to be carefree, despite the fact that he parodies and thus communicates nauseate for a large number of the kindred travelers. Essentialness The setting gives a scenery and plot to the story as the explorers advance toward Canterbury. Structure The Canterbury Tales is an assortment of short stories, told from Chaucers perspective. He doesn't offer quite a bit of his understanding and supposition, with the exception of during the introduction, where he presents and portrays the characters. In each short story, an alternate pioneer tells a story. Plot In The Canterbury Tales, the story starts in The Prologue, in The Tabard Inn, where Chaucer meets about nine and twenty individuals who are getting ready to go on a journey to Canterbury the following morning. He at that point continues to present and portray every one of his kindred pioneers in an occasionally applauding, some of the time sarcastic way. After this, the Host serves the pioneers food, and recommends a path for them to sit back on their excursion to each recount to a story in transit there and one in transit back. He reveals to them that he will choose the best one and that the champ gets a free supper paid by different pioneers. After this, the following morning, the pioneers withdraw for Canterbury. In The Pardoners Tale, the Pardoner recounts to an account of ravenousness. Three alcoholic men censure Death for the demise of their companion. As they locate an elderly person who whines that Death won't take him, and he reveals to them that they can discover Death behind an oak tree, the three unearth a heap of gold. They at that point draw straws and send one of the three to get food and wine. As the man leaves, the two residual men plot to murder the third man and remain quiet about the cash. The third, as he gets food, plots to slaughter the other two with poison. As the third man returns, the two men that stayed cut him and take the food he brought, however they unwittingly drink the toxin that he brought. Thus Death takes each of the three of the alcoholic men. The Wife of Baths Tale recounts to an account of a knight under King Arthur who is condemned to death for assaulting a lady. Anyway the sovereign intercedes and expresses that he will be reprieved on the off chance that he returns one year and one day and mentions to her what ladies need most. The knight leaves and invests his energy wandering, asking ladies what they need most, yet they all offer differing responses. Crestfallen, the knight tragically gets ready to come back to court. In the forested areas, he unexpectedly observes a gathering of moving ladies. As he moves toward them, they all vanish, and an elderly person remains. The lady says she will mention to him what ladies need most as a byproduct of installment and the knight acknowledges. As the knight tells the sovereign that ladies need sway over her better half and is discharged, the lady shows up and says that she told the knight the appropriate response and solicitations marriage. The knight reluctantly acknowledges. Anyway he ignores her after they are hitched and this leads her to defy him. She asks him whether he would have an old and terrible yet steadfast, valid, and humble spouse, or to have an unfaithful, pretty wife. The knight leaves the choice to the elderly person. Having won her sway, she advises the knight to kiss him, and as he does, she transforms into a delightful youngster. In The Nuns Priests Tale, a rooster, named Chanticleer, has a fantasy about his passing because of a fox. He tells his preferred spouse, the hen Pertelote, about this vision he has had, and his dread. She reprimands him for being terrified. Upon this he describes instances of different dreams that have worked out as expected. In any case, after this he is support and time passes. Afterward, as he is strolling with his spouses, a fox exploits Chanticleers inner self and instructs him to crow for him. As Chanticleer shuts his eyes to crow, he is grabbed up by the fox. Anyway then the fox is outsmarted by Chanticleer, as the rooster convinces the fox to talk and insult the followers. As the fox opens his mouth, Chanticleer escapes and flies into a tree, declining to be deceived once more. Characters Knight a recognized man who draws Chaucers acclaim. He has battled in numerous wars and speaks to truth, respect, politeness, humility and is astute. Assistant the knights child. He is musically skilled however rests next to no as he invests quite a bit of his energy attempting to dazzle ladies. Yeoman tan with a head like a nut. He is likewise a brilliant woodsman and toxophilite who is extremely faithful. Pious devotee/Prioress not so much a sister, exceptionally worried about appearance and love. Has an ornament that says Amor Vincit Omnia (Love Conquers All), instead of the strict commitment and virtuousness a sister ought to have. Madam Eglantyne. Another Nun with the Prioress. Minister 1 with the Prioress. Minister 2 with the Prioress. Minister 3 with the Prioress. Priest not so much a priest. He is fat and uncovered yet is common and not extremely gave to religion. Purchases decent garments and likes chasing. Minister degenerate, and truly adept at asking. Wanton, cheerful, knew all the bars and hotels. He draws Chaucers scorn.Name: Hubert. Shipper great at his specific employment yet is owing debtors and is acceptable at concealing it. Has a forking whiskers. Oxford Cleric just likes learning, exceptionally thin and fixated, would prefer to burn through cash on books than other stuff. Sergeant at the Law is by all accounts great at his specific employment. Chaucer questions this. Sergeant has retained a lot of cases. Franklin has a white facial hair, however lives for joy. Gatherings, has heaps of wine, food. Guildsmen (Haberdasher, Carpenter, Dyer, Weaver, Carpetmaker) look trim and new. Cooperated to enable each other to out. Spouses additionally pushed them. Cook great at cooking however has terrible cleanliness. Has a ulcer on his knee and can recognize beer by flavor. Captain takes a great deal, likewise explores the ocean, sort of a privateer. He is riding a taken pony and has experienced numerous maritime difficulties. Specialist thinks a lot about medication. He wears dark red robes cut with somewhat blue dim and is a grumpy person. He adores cash. Spouse of Bath almost deaf, dresses pleasantly, has had 5 husbands, went far and wide and been to Jerusalem multiple times. She is an awesome sewer and inviting. Parson poor, yet wealthy in thought. Likewise respectful and strictly educated. Liberal, magnanimous, prudent, and dedicated. Cultivator sibling of the Parson, additionally persevering, and legit, quiet, and altruistic. Religious and poor, yet at the same time covered his offerings on schedule and. Mill operator solid and enormous, with a red facial hair, huge nostrils, and a mole on his nose. He plays he bagpipes and is exceptionally solid, yet exploitative. Manciple is unskilled and savvy yet can exceed others in numerous lawful cases. Reeve thin, old, and irritable. He has an awful temper and relatively few like him, so he rides in the back. He is a craftsman and watches and predicts crops cautiously. Summoner degenerate, alcoholic, and vulgar. Pimply with limited eyes and a slight facial hair. He gets paid off and coerces to get what he needs. Pardoner conceivably a gay accomplice of the Summoner, has long yellow oily hair, swelling eyes. Is insatiable and offers counterfeit relics to absolve individuals. Host pleasant, overweight with splendid eyes. Recommends smart thoughts and great at convincing others and getting others to get things done. Chaucer the storyteller of the story, going on a journey with different characters. Implications The Bible Chaucer insinuates the Bible in his portrayal of the Plowman, referencing the affection thy neighbor as thyself fundamental in Christianity. This assists stand out from the non-strictness of the probably church characters, for example, the Prioress and the Monk. Epicurus When portraying the Franklin, Chaucer draws an examination, considering the Franklin the child of Epicurus. This mention to Greek society exhibits the English information on the other European societies and the solid equals that societies moved in those days, in the public eye. Aristotle Chaucer makes an implication to Aristotle when he portrays the books the Oxford Cleric has. This gives us increasingly about society in those days and how reasoning was connected to productivity and furthermore again shows us the equals between the antiquated Greek culture and the English. Gadgets of Satire Litotes Chaucer utilizes litotes, or the utilization of confirmation through nullification, to underline certain parts of individuals without being excessively immediate or self-evident. This utilization is to some degree a modest representation of the truth, causing something to appear to be short of what it truly is. A case of this is the point at which he portrays the Prioress as in no way, shape or form immature, he is alluding to her thrilling and very much created body and yet making it appear to be less that it truly is. Non-serious Questions Rhetorical inquiries are questions posed to that, while not really drawing an answer, come to a meaningful conclusion. Chaucers utilization of these can be seen when he is depicting the Monks un-priest ness. He asks Was he to concentrate till his head went round poring over books in orders? Must he work as Austin bade and work the very soil? Is it accurate to say that he was to leave the world upon the rack? While in the manner Chaucer poses these inquiries the response to each would appear to be no, the appropriate responses ought to really be truly, and these underline the point that, while the Monk ought to do these things, he isnt, and in this way, he isn't a priest like priest. Incongruity the utilization of incongruity is unmistakable all through The Canterbury Tales and helps draw the perusers consideration however underlining the peculiarity of the circumstance, Two extraordinary instances of this are of the Monk and Prioress, who both ought to be strictly ardent and severe supporters of rules, yet arent. You can see as Chaucer even says The Rule of good St. Benet or St. Maur as old and severe he would in general overlook, about the Monk, this draws the perusers consideration on the grounds that once more, clearly, that is actually something contrary to what a priest ought to do. Classification The Canterbury Tales is an assortment of

Several Reasons For The Pollution Of Water Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

There are a few reason for the contamination of H2O †metal, natural stocks, each piece great as city, mechanical and rural. ( Burande, Causes of Water Pollution ) May be the reasons for H2O contamination brought about by contamination beginnings of immediate and backhanded. Is the trading of the previous refining and waste intercession workss, and workss. We will compose a custom exposition test on A few Reasons For The Pollution Of Water Environmental Sciences Essay or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Discharged from the liquid of the distinctive nature of H2O flexibly in urban nations. In the United States and some different states, and is controlled in these strategies. Nonetheless, the contaminations can be discovered still in the H2O natural structures. The last is the stipulation of H2O from the soil, groundwater frameworks/by composts, pesticides and mechanical waste. This is other than through environment, for example, bakeshops and plants and conduct vehicle transmissions. It can other than be isolated into non-natural poisons, natural, and base/corrosive and radioactive substances. ( Burande, Causes of Water Pollution ) Reasons for H2O contamination The central beginnings of H2O contamination are as depicted beneath. Removal of polluted and/or hot H2O that was utilized for mechanical expectations. Furthermore, flood that contains a break of unrefined petroleum stocks. What's more, flood from building locales, ranches, or other imperviable surfaces. Ill-advised removal of strong waste, for example, squander removal on the range and gathered. In add-on, unreasonable nourishments from flood joining cleansers or manures other than called eutrophication. Topography of the groundwater removed in footings of groundwater. Abuse of gushing released into the off base way. The example of cut and consume agribusiness is exchanging development rural frameworks. Radioactive stuffs from nuclear force Stationss and industry, and the use of clinical, logical furthermore contribute. Uranium and Th exhuming and refinement are a few delineations. Temperature is the central ground, as it prompts the perish of numerous amphibian creatures. What's mor e, release of chilling H2O by factories and force workss lessens the temperature of H2O natural structures. Oil contamination is extremely hurtful to the beach front natural life. Oil spread over immense nations in the signifier of oil slicks. In the event that there are trial of the dumping of oil or artificially treated, you might be marine biological systems and sea shore travels again. ( Burande, Causes of Water Pollution ) Arrangement of the reasons for H2O contamination Civil, modern, horticultural and arranged classs of the reasons for H2O contamination. The reasons for the civil H2O intercession of spots and concerns. The central point was to go to city gushing to chop down destructive bacteriums and substances that require O, and inorganic mixes various and suspended solids. The reason for mechanical fluctuate fitting to request natural chemistry, and suspended solids, natural stuffs and inorganic. The grounds incorporate livestock, horticultural, business and rearing residential fowl. These lead to persistent natural and inorganic in surface H2O and groundwater. ( Burande, Causes of Water Pollution ) Effectss of Water Pollution Seen the impacts of H2O contamination in the cool, substantial metals, agrarian nations, because of composts, synthetic concoctions, oil and groundwater spoil. ( Burande ) Effectss of Run-off Pollution Decide to rain on dirt and soil and conveys it to the H2O. In the event that the dirt and residue settee in the natural structure of H2O, thus hinder these sedimentations daylight from making oceanic workss. On the off chance that it is conceivable that the Sun does non make the workss, and this bones. These sedimentations can interfere with the gills of fish what's more smother the creatures that live on the lower bit of the natural structure of H2O. ( Burande ) Effectss of Oil Pollution and Antifreeze Whenever spilled oil in the H2O, and effects on the biological system and destructive constituents. Furthermore, can persecute a significant number of the invigorate creatures in example of absorbing of oil. Oil has debased quarries can be a reason for expire for some. In the event that the oil coats crest, and these may perish. Oil, quit deading makes H2O a horrendous olfactory property, and there is a gluey film on the outside of the H2O, which murders energize creatures. Oil is the most unsafe poisons in H2O. ( Burande ) Sullied Ground Water Effects Whenever sullied H2O enters the land, there might be not kidding impacts. People groups may go extremely sick and there is an opportunities for the improvement of liver or kidney occupations, harmful neoplastic ailment or different maladies. ( Burande ) Manures and different synthetic substances Nitrate in guzzling H2O lead to sicknesses of children that may take to their expires. Cadmium is a metal in the ooze determined manures. Can be consumed by these harvests. At the point when individuals ingest this, they may do diarrheal miracles, liver and kidneys. Inorganic stuffs, for example, mercury, arsenic and lead are the reasons for contamination. Different synthetic concoctions can other than take to employments identified with gustatory sensation and smell and shade of the H2O. Pesticides, PCBs and PCPs are harmful to all life. What's more, pesticides are utilized in agribusiness, spots and woods. Was discovered Cl and insularity in electrical transformers old. PCPs have been found in stocks, for example, wood additives ( Burande ) Effectss of Agricultural Water Pollution Downpour and water system H2O off the Bankss of developed land that has been prepared and treated with pesticides, and the commixture of N with additional poisons in the H2O gracefully. This of harmful pesticides, H2O contamination, in a better place. Explanation behind the developing of amphibian workss take O from the H2O and the demolition of vegetations and zoologies of the conduit and lakes and streams. Composts advance the developing of bacteriums in the H2O and expanded convergence of bacteriums to perilous degrees. ( Burande ) Effectss of Thermal Water Pollution Is cooled machines in businesses with H2O from lakes and waterways. This H2O is up to the stream in the occurrence of hot. This H2O diminishes the framework ‘s capacity to go on to H2O and O is the developing of warm H2O species. ( Burande ) Effectss of Heavy Metal Water Pollution Substantial metals, for example, lead, mercury, Fe, Cd, aluminum and Mg found in H2O beginnings. In the event that these metals are found in stores, and this up to the supplement connection through workss and oceanic invigorate creatures. This causes substantial metal harming in the occasion of the H2O degree is truly elevated. ( Burande ) Some different impacts of H2O contamination In waterways and seas and oceans and H2O contamination impacts workss and energize creatures at that place. Besides, flying creatures and vivify creatures that expend tainted supplement supplies can perish. Blood maladies and upsets of the sensory system and chest ailment are a portion of the impacts of H2O contamination. A large number of the poisons in debased H2O prompts dangerous neoplastic sickness. Infrequently, the natural structure can modify the development of chromosomes. A portion of the less ground-breaking of the covering sores, cleansing, and looseness of the bowels. ( Burande ) Wayss to Prevent Water Pollution Water contamination is a significant activity we face today. Here are a few different ways to thwart it. ( Putatunda ) In spite of the fact that they spread more than 70 for every centum of the Earth ‘s surface, H2O is one of the most valued regular assets of our planet. The ground is that around 97 for each centum of it is salty, and henceforth unfit for soaking up, has been bolted more than 2 for every centum in icy masses and polar ice tops, go forthing only roughly 1 % utile for assimilating and cookery. Aside from clean assimilating H2O, and we other than need to save H2O in the seas, streams, lakes, non-dirtying on the grounds that in any case hurts the planet and we are truly endurance. With the human populace is turning rapidly that it prompted every one of us the contamination of H2O assets of our planet, to the point, and articles alone and valued environments are being hurt and even perish at an overwhelming rate. ( Putatunda ) How is Water Pollution Caused? Regardless of the way that some normal methodology may do some pollute of H2O, however that human movement is the greatest reason for our oceans, waterways and lakes tainted occur. We have to use the H2O day by day in both our businesses, each piece great as our places. Get this H2O from groundwater beginnings, streams and lakes, and after utilization, and contamination in many occurrences, a large portion of this H2O back to waterways, lakes, and seas. ( Putatunda ) Water utilized for horticultural examples, mechanical and family utilizes the inventive action of gushing, other than alluded to the profluent. In the event that this stream is permitted again to H2O frameworks, without being dealt with, it might do contamination, which bring about injury to both human and animalistic life. Tainted H2O, as happens when there is storm H2O flood from mechanical, farming, and urban nations, which stream straight through tempest depletes in H2O frameworks with no mediation. ( Putatunda ) Removal of sewerage a significant activity in creating states where there is no equivalent sanitation in large nations, and in this manner transport the sickness doing bacteriums and infections in H2O beginnings. In states that are created, individuals are every now and again the progression of pharmaceutical stocks and synthetic substances in the toilet of their ain. ( Putatunda ) Some different reasons for contamination, oil slicks, sea dumping, and dumping of deny in the waterways and streams, seas, for example, structure board, papers, foam, rosin, plastic bundling, aluminum, glass, etc. A portion of these take a truly long clasp to corrupt, for representation, can take 400 mature ages, plastic bundling, Styrofoam takes 80 mature ages, the foam takes 50 mature ages, and aluminum takes 200 mature ages. ( Putatunda ) Atomic waste, and store in the climate and getaway of subterranean stockpiling are a portion of different reasons for H2O contamination. ( Putatunda ) The most effective method to refer to Several Reasons For The Pollution Of Water Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay models

Pearl Harbor The Causes and the Aftermath

Pearl Harbor The Causes and the Aftermath Presentation The Pearl Harbor slaughter is one of the numerous verifiable occasions that will everlastingly stay in the records of history for its noteworthiness most definitely. This is on the grounds that, the occasions of the war are essential to the American history, however to the world history, for worldwide countries have a long way to go from its effects.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Pearl Harbor: The Causes and the Aftermath explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More moreover, the war among America and Japan has a ton of criticalness as concerns the world history fundamentally in light of the fact that, it gave World War II an incredible move; a war that saw the annihilation of numerous worldwide networks. It is imperative to note here that, albeit already before the Pearl Harbor assault there existed numerous wars between countries, the assault activated U.S.’s outrage, making it to draw in itself completely in the war, a factor that added to the at present existing force balances on the planet (Rosenberg pp. 3-9). Numerous contradictions between pioneers of these world â€Å"powerful† nations were significant supporters of the beginning of the war. The divisions were predominant in view of the unfair idea of sentiments that distinctive incredible nations shared. For instance, in the battle by these world forces to expands their riches and territories of purview during the World War II, lion's share of them needed to overcome zones they considered rich of assets they were absent in their nations. Such endeavors to vanquish explicit locales requested many force battles whereby, the main method for winning was through joining settlements subsequently, the unmistakable separations that existed between these word powers. Such separations prompted the isolated help that particular nations got where Japan was comprehensive. For instance, in its journey to completely control China, Japan got a great deal of resi stance from America whereby, in addition to the fact that America supported China monetarily, yet in addition it helped it improve its military ability through arrangement of military guides. This from numerous points of view activated Japan and its associate counties’ outrage prompting the arranging of the assaults (National Park Service: U.S. Branch of the Interior p.1). This paper will examine ideas of the Pearl Harbor assault. What's more, it will talk about purposes for the assaults and the attack’s aftermaths.Advertising Looking for exposition on asian? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: National Park Service: U.S. Branch of the Interior p.1 Background Information The assault was on one of America’s greatest maritime base in Hawaii, a factor that denoted the defining moment as far World War II was concerned. The intrusion occurred on seventh December, 1941, an assault that Japan needed to use as a component of destroying America’s military ability. In spite of the fact that somewhat Japan accomplished its objectives, it never foreseen that such an assault could prompt its all out demolition. This is on the grounds that, despite the fact that Japan prevailing with regards to annihilating this American maritime base, resulting counters from America saw its devastation; both as far as properties and various lives. Also, impacts from such reprisals by America are obvious even today in Japan, in spite of the fact that the country has propelled itself innovatively and modernly. Basic investigation of the assault on the harbor plainly show that, from numerous points of view America was one of the best obstruction to Japan, as it tried to grow its control of some Asian locales. Subsequently, in light of the fact that America was such an obstruction, Japan felt that, the main method for making its fantasy work out as expected is by destroying America’s military abilit y, with little expertise that, its pulverization was in transit. Then again, through the assaults, Japan believed that, it could wreck the American armada designs, a factor that could render it a possibility of propelling its financial possibilities by wandering into the Dutch East Indies and other Asian locales. This is on the grounds that it considered the locale rich of numerous assets, which were basic as far as boosting its war ability, when it came to managing the United Kingdom and America, for they were its essential foes. Causalities from such a horrible assault were increasingly 4,000, with in excess of 2,000 dead American residents and short of what one hundred Japanese residents. It was such a major hit to the whole American people group principally on the grounds that, in addition to the fact that it resulted to gigantic devastation of military property, yet additionally it prompted various passings that came about because of later aftermaths of the war as it tried to r etaliation (Wohlstetter pp. 3-19).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Pearl Harbor: The Causes and the Aftermath explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More what's more, it is essential to take note of that, somewhat America could have forestalled such intrusions had it built up itself well. This is on the grounds that, as examination into the assault uncover, the American protection top organs had some skill on the anticipating catastrophe, a reality that they neglected to ensure its maritime base in the Pearl Harbor was set up for, incase Japan progressed such assaults. May be had the guard division conveyed such hindering dangers or probabilities of assaults, the nation could have maintained a strategic distance from the blood conceal that happened during that period. Likewise, it is additionally imperative to take note of that, Japan had composed well on the best way to dispatch the assaults, a factor that many ascribe to America’s inability to s afeguard itself. This is on the grounds that, as America was occupied immersed in harmony activities, Japan was planning on breaking the discussions and quickly propelling the assaults without allowing its enemy to sort out itself (Mahar p.1). Purposes behind the Attack In any contention situation, there needs to exist numerous issues of dispute among stressing networks, a reality that was not a special case in this war among America and Japan. Likewise, it is imperative to take note of that, regardless of whether egocentric or for good increases, such wars result because of the requirement for one country to command and rule over the other. This was the situation in the Pearl Harbor assault, principally on the grounds that Japan needed to outmaneuver America; a country that was an extraordinary obstacle towards its mission to ignore the Asian district, through enhancing itself with not well procured assets. As research considers propose, the entire conflict issue was because of a p eriod idea and not the battle to guarantee universal discretion rules. That is, the presence of America is this area; Asia-Pacific, was not a subject of misgiving to Japan, yet rather its primary concern was to assume control over force as concerned the control of the locale. It is critical to take note of that, accomplishment of such desires was probably the hardest thing to accomplish for Japan, in view of the extraordinary forces that America had over this district (Rosenberg pp 35-45). Then again, the journey to control the Asia-Pacific area somewhat was social, in light of the fact that socially Japan had one accept that is, it was required for there to be a solitary leader of the locale; an arrangement they named â€Å"hakko ichiu† (Rymer Para. 2) Although many characteristic such force controls as the principle factor, which prompted the assault, as Robinson (p.1) contends, somewhat, the entire war issue among America and Japan was verifiable. This is on the grounds th at before arranging and executing of the assaults, there were numerous issues of conflict between these two financial giants.Advertising Searching for exposition on asian? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Such war antedates to 1930’s, when there was worldwide financial downturn that saw Japan endure monetarily, as America advanced. Moreover, America looked downward on Japan, as civilian army controlled a portion of its locales prompting the overexploitation of the rich Manchuria district. To counter such disappointments in its control, and in complying with the longing to grow its financial assets, Japan propelled such assaults on the harbor in an undertaking to cut down America. Then again, it is critical to take note of that, Japanese hostility may have come about due limitation that America forced on Japan by means of business settlements preceding 1940, as concerned the arrangement of characteristic and mechanical assets. Such limitations came in full application after the forbiddance of scrap iron materials trade and aeronautics fuel flexibly. The way that, Japan reinforced with Italy and Germany in the tripartite arrangement, caused its relationship with America to furthe r to fall apart. This is on the grounds that the consenting to of such an arrangement was an away from of Japan supporting the European war, a war that America favored one side. Aside from such chronicled treacheries and authorizations that were extraordinary impediments to Japan’s advancement, there were many force battles between these two countries. For instance, before the Pearl Harbor assaults, America denied Japan acknowledgment as concerned its inhabitance of China. To censure Japan’s inhabitance, America gave China support, both monetarily and regarding military arrangements subsequently, touching off more outrage from Japan and its partners. Then again, to object Japan, America forced more endorses, notwithstanding the early embargoes that it had mounted on the Japanese state. As an instrument of disposing of such endorses and an indication of not tolerating rout, Japan sorted out such assaults. Likewise, to Japan, such assaults were essential, since Japan tho ught about America as a persecuting country, because of the way that, it would not recognize different countries inhabitance in different nations, where as itself had misused Philippines as the Spanish-American clash seethed. To oppose America’s power controls as concerned the attack o

The Process For Firing a Government Employee

The federal government’s disciplinary personnel process have become so cumbersome that only about 4,000 employees a year -- 0.2 % of the total workforce of 2.1 million -- are fired, according to the Government Accountability Office (GAO). In 2013, the federal agencies dismissed around 3,500 employees for performance or a combination of performance and conduct. In its report to the Senate Homeland Security Committee, the GAO stated, â€Å"The time and resource commitment needed to remove a poor performing permanent employee can be substantial.† In fact, found the GAO, firing a federal employee often takes from six months to over a year. â€Å"According to selected experts and GAO’s literature review, concerns over internal support, lack of performance management training, and legal issues can also reduce a supervisor’s willingness to address poor performance,† wrote the GAO. Remember, it actually took an act of Congress to give the Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs the power to outright fire senior VA executives who failed to meet performance standards. As the GAO noted, the in 2014 annual survey of all federal employees, only 28% said the agencies they worked for had any formal procedure for dealing with chronically poorly performing workers. The Probationary Period Problem After being hired, most federal employees serve a one-year probationary period, during which the lack the same rights to appeal disciplinary actions – like firing – as employees who have completed probation. It is during that probationary period, advised the GAO when the agencies should try their hardest to identify and carve out the â€Å"bad word† employees before they gain the full right to appeal. According to the GAO, about 70% of the 3,489 federal employees fired in 2013 were fired during their probationary period. While the exact number is not known, some employees facing disciplinary actions during their probationary period choose to resign rather than have a firing on their record, noted the GAO. However, reported the GAO, work unit managers â€Å"often do not use this time to make performance-related decisions about an employee’s performance because they may not know that the probationary period is ending or they have not had time to observe performance in all critical areas.† As a result, many new employees fly â€Å"under the radar† during their probationary periods. ‘Unacceptable,’ Says Senator The GAO was asked to investigate the government firing process by Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wisconsin), chairman of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. In a statement on the report, Sen. Johnson found it â€Å"unacceptable that some agencies let the first year slip by without conducting performance reviews, never aware that the probationary period had expired. The probationary period is one of the best tools the federal government has to weed out poor-performing employees. Agencies must do more to evaluate the employee during that time period and decide whether she or he can do the job.† Among other corrective actions, the GAO recommended the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) -- the government’s HR department -- extend the mandatory probationary period beyond 1-year and include at least one full employee evaluation cycle. However, the OPM said extending the probationary period would probably require, you guessed it, â€Å"legislative action† on the part of Congress.

Synthesis Essay Curriculum By Design - 989 Words

Synthesis Paper 2 - Curriculum by Design Many educators now view the importance of a quality curriculum design as one of the key components which ensures students will receive a quality education. However, it was not until half way through the 20th century that curriculum development was even considered relevant to education. Ralph Tyler’s guide on curriculum development, though, created a shift in the thoughts of educators (Villate, 2015). But what defines a good curriculum design? And is there just one way to plan curriculum which will positively affect student performance? Educators must be willing to ask these questions and more when choosing curriculum and instruction for their students. Planning an effective curriculum is not an easy task because there is not one single formula for its design. However, most educators would agree that there are essential questions that can be asked to ensure the validity and quality of a design. Dillon feels as though these curriculum questions can be classified into three sections which are the nature, the elements, and the practice of curriculum (Dillon, 2009). From these three groups, planners can narrow the curriculum to focus on certain aspects including the ideas of who, what, where, why, and how the plan is constructed, as well as the resulting actions and thoughts of the plan. From these questions, planners and teachers can reflect on the answers to design a curriculum that is most effective for their studentShow MoreRelatedThis Assignment Is An Opportunity To Integrate The Models,1685 Words   |  7 Pagesintegrate the models, concepts and readings from the course with your own practice and personal development. There are two parts to this assignment: 1) Account for ways in which your individual reflection and dialogue with others, including your curriculum design group and the class as a whole, have helped to grow and develop as an adult educator. 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America s Foreign Policy And Domestic Policy - 2540 Words

America has its fair share of issues on the political agenda. Debates about taxes, gay marriage, health care, and gun control are all major issues that come up in Congress during almost every session. There is one issue, however, that has been debated since the early colonial period, before the United States of America was even a country. The issue of immigration is not only one of the most heavily debated topics in Congress; it is one of the most complex. It is an issue that affects both the nation’s foreign policy and domestic policy. America is, at its core, a nation of immigrants. This melting pot of people from around the world is what has caused this nation to be so successful. Unfortunately, the current immigration system that America has is in need of a complete overhaul. A comprehensive immigration reform package would be beneficial all across the board. The benefits to the economy would be immense, especially in times like these with America’s struggling econo my. Today there are over eleven million undocumented immigrants in America. While most of these immigrants have jobs, they are paid â€Å"under the table† which keeps them from having to pay taxes. The employers hiring these illegal immigrants are hurting America’s economy rather than helping it. An immigration reform package that provides a way for these immigrants to earn legalization will greatlyShow MoreRelatedAmerican Foreign Policy After The Great Depression1390 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican foreign policy completely shifted from the Isolationism to Interventionism for valid reasons. First the economic and socially challenging home front crisis of the Great Depression kept American citizens and politicians busy with domestic policy. Additionally the disillusionment of people with WWI caused America to avoid war at all costs. However, the rising thre at of fascism in Europe forced America to defend democracy and help its allies. 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Frees Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange Essay Example For Students

Frees Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange Essay Clockwork Orange EssaysA Clockwork Orange is a very different movie. It has everything a movie should have, but the plot is quite disturbing, especially for the time it came out. I have personally watched this film several times to find the meaning, and every time I watch it I come up with a different one. I am going to try to explain what this film contains as well as try to explain the plot. A Clockwork Orange is a story of a young man whose principle interests are rape, ultra-violence, and Beethoven. Its about a teen named Alex (Malcolm McDowell) who torments people in Britain in the near future. He is then betrayed by his friends and caught by the police, after he had murdered somebody. He was sent to live in a Juvenile Facility where he had to endure a strange torture of being forced to watch horrific movies. When Alex gets home, all the people that had done him wrong had their revenge on a weak, recuperating Alex. Ill let you find out what happened at the end =). A Clockwork Orange is a cult classic. It was Stanley Kubricks 2nd Critically acclaimed film (the first being Spartacus). I was first interested in the book by Anthony Burgess (which in my opinion, is equally as good as the movie). A Clockwork Orange contains only a few of the element that can make a good film. One of them is the makeup. Alex and his gang (droogs) all where a makeup when they go out and do there thing. It gives them all a look of insanity and makes them look disturbed. I think that this was well done because it gives you a feeling of fear. Being afraid of a character in a movie is an excellent way to get to know them. Another element used is the script. Stanley Kubrick used the same special language used in the book. A lot of the words have no real meaning and you still know what they mean. The context the words are used in is very much like the book. Doing this, the book comes to life on the screen. I always enjoy watching a movie the follows the book so close because it doesnt change the story. Another is the theme. The theme of A Clockwork Orange is very hard to explain. However, it still has one if not many. As I stated before, every time I watch it I get something else out of it. That could be why it is such a good film. The first time I watched the movie I found that it was trying to say that not every cure is a good one. The second time I found that if you change your friends may look at you different. I think that the theme may be different to everybody. Lastly, the film uses great actors. The way that Malcolm McDowell can speak the language so fluently, astounds me. I dont know anyone who could pick up that language so quickly and do it so well. There is one part of the film that hes being questioned by the doctor and hes told to say the first thing that comes to his head when he sees a picture, he looks at it and says, No time for the old in-out Love, Ive just come to read the meter. I think that that is one of the funniest parts because you are so used to seeing him beat and rape people. A Clockwork Orange uses many of the basic film techniques. The film transition used throughout the entire movie is a just a cut. It jumps from one scene to the next. The dissolve and wipe are not used. But, the cut is good enough for this movie. However, in one scene Alex is with two young ladies and the film is sped up while they do their thing, which is the extent of the special effects. .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d , .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d .postImageUrl , .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d , .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d:hover , .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d:visited , .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d:active { border:0!important; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d:active , .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c7d61542623e79de2e45ca1d5ee306d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Double Helix EssayThe lighting in this film is mostly low key to add to the mood. This is especially true when the gang is out beating and raping or even just hanging out at the Milk Bar. The end of the movie is high key to make Alex seem like a better person because of his treatment. The director also uses a close-up shot when Alex is talking or thinking. I believe this is done so you can get a feel for what he is saying. This film is definitely a science-fiction film for a few reasons. The setting is in the future. You can tell this because they say they are driving a classic 99 Durango, 1999 is done with and for something to be a classic it has to withstand some time. The doctor uses a special drug to fix Alexs mind and mind control is always part of science-fiction. The way things are done and look also give it a science fiction look and feel. This film screams humanities. The whole movie is about society and culture. It was originally rated NC-17 because people thought it would be too much for society. It was also banned in several countries because of its rape and viol;ence and views. It does contain some relevence to my life because I have changed very much over the years and some of my friends have turned on me but I still have my roots stuck in my head. This film says a lot about its culture and time period. It was needed by society to show them that things that control your mind arent always the best. I think that society rejected because of the way it was brought to them. A Clockwork Orange, when it first came out, was rated NC-17 (X) because of rape, violence, and nudity. I believe that for its time this movie was rated very fairly. Now the movie is rated R. The movie is about a gang that goes around, kill, rape, and vandalize. Without the sexual content and violence, the movie wouldnt be a movie. All of these things are needed to establish a plot. I think this movie is perfect the way it is because it builds the characters and plot so well that it would be hard to edit anything out . And it wouldnt follow the book as well if you cut parts of the movie out. The film was so well done that someone wants to remake it. I feel that this film is a classic film. The plot is one that still exist today. You screw up, go to jail or mental institution, and you feel remorse. This film will teach its lesson for all time. Besides that, the actors and directors make the book come to life. To compare A Clockwork Orange to another movie would be like comparing an apple to a piece of steel, it doesnt make sense. The only thing it can be compared to is itself. This film was nominated for best picture, best director, and best screenplay. I believe that it deserves the awards for best director and best screenplay because it was so well done. If I hadnt seen or read A Clockwork Orange I wouldnt be the same person I am today.

The tragedy of Richard III lies in the progressive isolation of its protagonist Essay Example For Students

The tragedy of Richard III lies in the progressive isolation of its protagonist Essay From the very opening of the play when Richard III enters solus, the protagonists isolation is made clear. Richards isolation progresses as he separates himself from the other characters and breaks the natural bonds between Man and nature through his efforts to gain power. The first scene of the play begins with a soliloquy, which emphasizes Richards physical isolation as he appears alone as he speaks to the audience. This idea of physical isolation is heightened by his references to his deformity, such as rudely stampdCheated of feature by Dissembling Nature, deformed, unfinished. This deformity would be an outward indication to the audience of the disharmony from Nature and viciousness of his spirit. As he hates the idle pleasures of these days and speaks of his plots to set one brother against another, Richard seems socially apart from the figures around him, and perhaps regarded as an outsider or ostracized because of his deformity. We will write a custom essay on The tragedy of Richard III lies in the progressive isolation of its protagonist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now His separation from is family is emphasized when he says Dive, thoughts down to my soul when he sees his brother approaching. He is unable to share his thought with his own family as he is plotting against them. Thus, we are given hints of his physical, social and spiritual isolation which is developed throughout the play. But despite these hints, he still refers to himself as part of the House of York, shown in the repeated use of Our. The concept of Richards physical isolation is reinforced in his dealings with Anne in Act I scene ii. She calls him thou lump of foul deformity and fouler toad during their exchange. Despite these insults, she still makes time to talk to Richard, and by the end of their exchange, she has taken his ring and been wood by him. After Richard has successfully gained the throne, he isolates himself when he asks the crowd to stand all apart in Act IV scene ii. And later, when Richard dreams, he is completely alone. Physical isolation in Richards deformity wins sympathy from the audience as we pity his condition. But Richard uses his deformity as a tool against the other characters, to portray them as victimizing Richard. Thus the sense of tragedy is lessened by his own actions, even though his isolation may become greater as the play progresses. Richards psychological isolation is conveyed through his lack of conscience in his murderous acts. Nowhere does he feel remorse for his murders, until Act V scene iii when he exclaims Have mercy Jesu! and O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me!. In this turning point, Richards division from his own self is made clear from I and I, and Is there a murderer here? No. Yes, I am! He has conflicting views of himself and realizes that no creature loves him, not even himself. We also never the real mind of Richard, for he is always playing a role, of a loving brother to Clarence, a lover to Anne or a victim to the others. We feel  sympathy for Richard as he awakes in a vulnerable position and for the first time acknowledges the evil that he has done. But as he only reveals his feelings of guilt in the last act of the play, we do not see him in internal turmoil and thus the sense of psychological tragedy cannot be built upon. Socially, Richard is isolated from both the upper and lower classes of society. In Act I scene iii, Richard sarcastically calls Elizabeth sister, and she contemptuously calls him Brother of Gloucester making a mockery of familial bonds. Margaret calls him cacodemon and devil, and any unity that the characters have on stage is temporary and superficial. In act III, the citizens are said to be mum and deadly pale, which gives a sense of quiet opposition to Richards activities. Richard is thus separated from all around him. Temporarily, we see Richard and Buckingham share a kind of bond, as Richard calls him My other self, My Oracle and My prophet. .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .postImageUrl , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:hover , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:visited , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:active { border:0!important; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:active , .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9c922fad7f7c44fb63dab2b59470424d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston EssayBut they part when Buckingham hesitates to kill the young princes when Richard says I wish the bastards dead. This is the only time the audience sees Richard act with any other man, but we realize that it is for purely political purposes and that the union exists only while Buckingham remains useful to him. Our sympathy for Richard is limited as we see that he has no true friendships, and does not genuinely care for his family or friends. Thus even in his increasing isolation the sense of tragedy upon his death is not really saddening to the audience as there is no real sense of waste at his loss. Richard isolates himself from God, as he claims to be above Gods law and only uses religion as a tool to appear holy before he is King. But ironically, although he breaks the bonds between man and Nature, he is a tool of Divine Justice as he kill those who were sinners, for example Clarence who recalls his horrible dream and realizes his guilt early in the play. As the murders accumulate so does his separation from God, and the need for his death increases. But being closer to his death brings him closer and closer to being with God. Thus although Richard may not realize it, he is never too far from God. But Richard does not increasingly isolate himself from the audience. From our omniscient position, we share in Richards wit, sarcasm, and the dramatic irony brought about when other characters are not fully aware of the implication of his words. Richard also shares his feelings with us, although he is not always truthful. But the fact that he enjoys his villainy to such a great extent, and feels no remorse for his murders reduces him to a figure of Vice, and is not really seen to be a tragic figure of great proportions. In his killing, we see the guilt of Clarence, King Edward, Rivers, Hastings Buckingham and Lady  Anne exposed before their deaths, along with all those who die. Thus their deaths are necessary and the audience remembers that. Also, the deaths appear off-stage, which lessens the impact of their deaths. The most poignant part of the play occurs in seeing the young princes talk happily and innocently to their uncle and Lord Protector. York says I shall not sleep quiet in the Tower, and we pity them, as they are young and afraid, and are forced to go there because, as the Prince says, My Lord Protector needs will have it so. The children had appeared happy , and the Prince had shown wit and intelligence in his conversation with his uncle. This appears to be the greatest tragic loss in the play, which is heightened because of their youth and innocence. The tragedy of the protagonist is felt because of his attractiveness as a villain and as someone who is not constrained by the rules of society. However, the audience never forgets that he is wicked and therefore we cannot feel a sense of great loss of potential or waste in his death.

Security Assessment Essays

Security Assessment Essays Security Assessment Essay Security Assessment Essay Directions: Choose one of the Facts for Consideration subdivisions from Ch. 3 of the text and list the page figure for the subdivision you chose. Then. finish the undermentioned tabular array. List five menaces appropriate to the environment from the subdivision you chose. Rate the hazard for each menace from 0 ( low ) to 10 ( high ) . Then. list five appropriate countermeasures. Once you complete the tabular array. compose a brief account of the countermeasures for the two menaces with the highest hazard sum. saying how the countermeasure reduces the hazard associated with that menace. Conveyance should be equipped with a thick metal coop environing country inmates are in. Inmates should be contained besides with bonds on custodies and pess. Property harm and or personal injury All inmates. shackled together or non. demand to hold bonds anchored to sturdy eyebolts welded into floor to keep limited motion. Escape during bathroom interruptions Armed guard bodyguard to restroom from conveyance. armed bodyguard to transport. with staying guard still on conveyance. Inmates relieves themselves under armed surveillance. with door unfastened at all times. No civilians allowed near inmates. or bathrooms during the inmate’s bathroom interruptions and guards must inspect bathrooms exhaustively before and after go forthing public toilets. Excess guards in bodyguard autos should assist in this procedure to keep security. Escape through Windowss or blowholes All Windowss and blowholes should be secured outside of the coop environing the inmates. armed guard should be in conveyance at all times. regardless of the guard. a caput count should be done before and after all Michigans. Escape through outside resources. Limit all contact between captive and outside contacts prior to transport. curtail prisoners’ cognition of agenda for conveyance. Two armed guards on conveyance. non numbering driver. Two security autos. with two armed guards in each auto. following conveyance. One auto taking conveyance. with two armed guards. Cameras with sound on conveyance. communicating between conveyance and bodyguards at all times. In my appraisal. I chose to measure the article of the captive flight from captive conveyance. I need to measure the importance of procuring the vehicle to set up the safety of the inmates. the security forces. the driver. and all citizen’s in and around the path. I determined that one menace that is a high chance is physical assault. I can find this on a few different countries which is why I gave it a criticalness of 7. If a captive were caught get awaying a battle would result. if the captive were seen by a bystander. physical injury could come from the interaction. or if the captive got a clasp of a arm. he could go excessively courageous alternatively of merely running. My idea of countermeasures are that the conveyance should hold a strong metal coop dividing the inmates from the guards ; moreover. the inmates should be shackled. custodies and pess. with a hardy concatenation running from carpus bonds to ankle bonds. This should be restrictive to extinguish extra motion on the prisoner’s portion. The captives are being transported to installations better equipped to cover with them. non to travel to a watering place ; therefore their comfort is less of import. The following strong menace factor is through outside resources. This could go on in many ways. Since the inmates that are by and large on these types of conveyances are considered unsafe. security steps must be made to guarantee no contact with anyone on the exterior for a period of clip anterior to transport and should hold no cognition of conveyance day of the month. This could assist forestall pass oning with person on paths. times. or any other cognition that could be given to form a jailbreak. There should be at least two. or more. armed guards in the conveyance with the prisoner’s and driver at all times. This would let remainder every bit good as backup. There should be at least two autos following the conveyance to guarantee the conveyance is non ambushed easy. There should be two armed guards in each auto. Another auto with two armed guards should escort the conveyance. Finally. unfastened lines of contact should be in topographic point between all guards at all times. either via a system installed on the coach or through ear pieces and mikes. Having all guards in changeless communicating can forestall many jobs from originating ; because. one guard may see something another does non. and there are excess custodies in instance of problem should the inevitable happen. The appraisal I have provided. while necessitating excess work force. makes sense to me in the fact that this type of conveyance is traveling unsafe lading. The object of security in this affair is non to supply comfort. but to supply an excess step of protection for the inmates. driver. guards. and civilians likewise.

Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Existentialism - Essay Example Tragic Sense of Life by Miguel de Unamuno is a philosophical work that borders on the doctrines of existentialism. The author believes the philosophy of life should be based on the experiences of a person. This suggests there is a need to cultivate one’s personality and character as espoused in the writings. On that account, the author considers himself a man of contradiction because while he values the sense of individuality, he also supports the existence of God. This is in support of the creation theory and the primitivism of man to rely on a nature and consciousness (Unamuno 159). Additionally, he views himself as a man of contradiction because he supports both aspects of individuality and religious fanaticism towards a deity called God. Therefore, the contradictory, opposing elements in this case entail indoctrination of man toward nature and alienation toward God. Furthermore, it is important to prove the existence of God if one has to understand the being of God. Those philosophical elements are contradictory in terms of disputing the existence of God and the use of faith and reason to evaluate matters. There are also many rational reasons why he feels the opposition is the source of his life’s unity. For example, the unity of man emanates for the deep belief in a god that is in control of both humanity and nature (Unamuno 158). Similarly, there are guiding principles of faith and the reason that influence the choice of an individual in terms domination over personality and character. That is why it is a paradox that Miguel de Unamuno has total belief in the intricacies of the universe. In the same context, the paradoxical contradiction is because the divinity of man and human consciousness is not in harmony with nature. Alternatively, the feelings of God and external consciousness conflicts with the moral logic of a common man in terms of sustenance. The statement ‘we think because we live’ has several meanings according to th e context it is used the book. First, he begins by castigating the primitive man for overreliance in the forces that surround him such as nature and other fellow men. This suggests that both animate and inanimate things appeals to man without any reason or faith in the choice. That is why according to Miguel, humanity structures their lives depending on the given existence (Unamuno 152). Alternatively, the possession of the consciousness of nature ensures man does not break away from the confines of nature. In other words, divinity is not associated with rationale because there are objective and subjective point of views. This suggests that the decisions of man in the universe are guided by a supernatural being with divine powers. In other words, the thoughts and existence of man are controlled by one God. That is why ‘we think because we live.’ There are various relationships between theory, and practice (the practice of living) and it relates to action. In terms of th eory, there is the inherent attachment of the primitive man to both nature and fellow human being. On the other hand, in practice, man still possesses the consciousnesses of faith rather reason in the belief of a deity who is in control of the universe. This means the acceptance of a divinity is paramount in order to accept the infinite powers of God. Another fundamental relationship involves the humanization of God in order to counter paganism (Unamuno 161). In other words, it helps in

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) - Research Paper Example Most common form of congenital heart diseases is defects in septation, atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, stenotic valvular lesions or coronary artery abnormalities (Schoen and Mitchell, 2009). Ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital defects occurring in the human heart.   Ã‚  Defect at the level of ventricle i.e. inter ventricular septum is called ventricular septal defect (VSD). It occurs in 1 of every 500 live births. The main pathology in a septal defect is that left ventricular pressure is higher than the right ventricular pressure resulting in blood flowing from left to right and pulmonary blood flow increases. Clinically ventricular septal defects can be divided into small, medium and large. A small VSD is asymptomatic, a medium VSD presents with fatigue, cardiac enlargement and audible apex beat, whereas, a large VSD presents with pulmonary hypertension (Kumar and Clark, 2009). Hemodynamics  is an important part of the cardiovascular system as it deals with the  forces  that pump the heart. Hemodynamics in an individual with congenital malformation is affected due to the defect. The factors affecting the hemodynamics of a ventricular septal defect are the size of the ventricular defect, pressure changes in right and left ventricular chambers and the pulmonary resistance. A ventricular septal defect may not be evident at the birth of a child because the pressure in the right and left ventricles is equal and there is no shunting. As the pressure between the two ventricles starts to change, shunting also correspond and the ventricular defect becomes clinically evident. These changes do not apply to a patient of Down syndrome in which pulmonary resistance changes do not lead to signs of VSD. In VSD the shunt volume is linked to the size of the defect in the ventricle and the pulmonary vascular resistance. If the ventricular defect is not accompanied by

The quantity of pennies Essay Example for Free

The quantity of pennies Essay (1) Draw an indifference curve map with the quantity of pennies are on the horizontal axis and the quantity of nickels are on the vertical axis. Given the shape of your indifference curve, how would you describe the typical relationship between these two â€Å"products†? The two goods are perfect substitutes for each other. 5pennies are equivalent to a nickel. (2) You and I are in consumer equilibrium. CDs cost 10 dollars each and cassette tapes only 2 dollars each. I consume CDs and cassettes. You consume only cassettes. What can you infer about my MRS (marginal rate of substitution) of CDs and tapes? What about your MRS. Since both individuals are in consumer equilibrium, for you, the MRS should equal the price ratio since you consume both goods. Hence MRS = 10/2 = 5.  For me since I consume only cassettes at my equilibrium, it implies that I consider CD’s a neutral good. Therefore my indifference curves are horizontal (assuming CD’s are on the horizontal axis). Hence MRS is zero, since no amount of increase in CD’s can change your utility unless you have more cassettes. (3) The price of driving a car is 30 cents per mile. The cost of riding the bus is 60 cents per mile. At the moment, your Marginal Utility of the last mile of car transportation is 80 units, and the Marginal Utility of your last mile of bus transportation is 150 units. Are you maximizing your utility? Explain your answer. If I’m maximizing my utility then the marginal utility derived from the last cent spent on each good must be equal. The marginal utility from the last cent spent on driving a car is = 80/30 =8/3=2.67 The marginal utility from the last cent spent on riding the bus = 150/60 =5/2=2.5 Hence I’m not maximizing my utility. I can increase my  utility by spending less on bus rides and more on driving the car. (4) Let’s say your consumption basket is made up of two goods, â€Å"X† and â€Å"Y†. Your income is â€Å"I†. The market prices you face for these two goods are PX and PY. Draw an initial equilibrium point for your consumption of these two goods. (Restate the formula for the relation between your marginal rate of substitution and the market values of â€Å"X† and â€Å"Y† at the point of equilibrium.) Now, you suddenly crave good â€Å"X† much more relative to â€Å"Y† than previously. this do to your indifference curve and equilibrium position? Why? After you crave more â€Å"X† relative to â€Å"Y†, the price of â€Å"X† rises dramatically. your graph what does this do you your equilibrium position? Now, your income doubles. What does Draw on Graph your new equilibrium position. By doing this exercise, you get a sense of how your real income and purchasing power, and consumption changes, as your tastes, income and market conditions change. Remember there are three components here: Your psychological makeup – your indifference curve Your income – the result of all your hard work and application of skills The prices you face, determined by the market. In the â€Å"real world† this is a situation that will always hold true for you as you interact with the world of goods and services. At the equilibrium, the MRS=price ratio = PX/PY. At the equilibrium, the indifference curve is tangential to the budget line. MRS =MUX/MUY =PX/PY, i.e. MUX/PX = MUY/PY Now it is given that X is â€Å"craved† much more for relative to Y. Hence the indifference curves becomes steeper. That is now you are willing to give up more amount of Y to have a unit more of X. Alternatively, it can be said that you need more of Y to leave you indifferent for the same decrease in X. Hence the slope of the indifference curve, i.e. the marginal rate of substitution increases, i.e. MUx/MUY increases. We know that the price ratio doesn’t vary. Hence at the original equilibrium, we have MUX/PXMUY/PY. Therefore you will consume more of X and less of Y at the new equilibrium, since your receiving more from the last dollar spent on X than Y. Now the price of X rises. Since we are at an equilibrium, MUX/PX=MUY/PY. But since Px is higher, your budget curve pivots inward. With the substitution effect you consume less of X and more of Y. With the income effect you consume less of both goods (since real income has decreased). Therefore at the new equilibrium, you consume less of X and the amount of consumption of Y depends on the relative strength of the two effects. (5) Think of a commercial establishment (department store, coffee shop, gas station, store from which you make common purchases – that is spending your hard-earned money) and think through the questions in the previous exercise (4) as they would apply yourself and to the goods offered by this establishment. That is, take any two goods or groups of goods from the store you have chosen and re-do the questions in (4) as they would really apply to you and your tastes. Now you are thinking economics and thinking creatively as well! Consider choice made between having fruit beer(X) or having ice cream(Y) after dinnerassuming that both are good goods. At the equilibrium, the MRS=price ratio = PX/PY. At the equilibrium, the indifference curve is tangential to the budget line. MRS =MUX/MUY =PX/PY, i.e. MUX/PX = MUY/PY Now it is given that X(fruit beer) is â€Å"craved† much more for relative to Y(ice cream). Hence the indifference curves becomes steeper. That is now you are willing to give up more amount of Y to have a unit more of X.  Alternatively, it can be said that you need more of Y to leave you indifferent for the same decrease in X. Hence the slope of the indifference curve, i.e. the marginal rate of substitution increases, i.e. MUx/MUY increases. We know that the price ratio doesn’t vary. Hence at the original equilibrium, we have MUX/PXMUY/PY. Therefore you will consume more of X and less of Y at the new equilibrium, since your receiving more from the last dollar spent on X than Y. Now the price of X rises. Since we are at an equilibrium, MUX/PX=MUY/PY. But since Px is higher, your budget curve pivots inward. With the substitution effect you consume less of X and more of Y. With the income effect you consume less of both goods (since real income has decreased). Therefore at the new equilibrium, you consume less of X and the amount of consumption of Y depends on the relative strength of the two effects. (6) You are willing to accept risk for rewards. For example, you are willing to take real tough courses at UCD because if you do well, it will look like you are a hard worker on your transcript (and that is a good thing). Okay, the reward is what could be on your transcript but the risk is that you MAY pull down your GPA. Draw an indifference curve for your two â€Å"goods†, risk and reward for your decision to take or not take the hard courses. Put the good, reward, on the X axis. What do micro-economists call these two goods with respect to the indifference map? Now, suddenly you are really afraid to take the hard courses (that is, you now have a greater fear of failure). How does that change your indifference map? You have upward sloping indifference curves between risk and reward, i.e. for a given level of utility; if you face more risk then you require more rewards to keep you at that level of utility. You consider risk to be a bad good while reward to be a â€Å"good† good. Since you are afraid to take hard courses, you require more reward for taking the same risk to induce you to take that course. Hence the indifference curves become flatter. (7) The price of good X is $2. The price  of good Y is $6. You have income of $30. In the case where you prefer to consume X, what will your indifference map look like? Give a numeric example of how much of the two goods you will consume in equilibrium. What will be the ratio of the marginal utilities of these two goods? What exactly will be the level of your utility at equilibrium? At the equilibrium, your MRS equals the price ratio. Hence MRS=1/3. Consider the utility function, U(x,y) =xy. Hence MRS = y/x. At equilibrium, x=3y. The budget equation is 2x+6y=30. Hence at the equilibrium, 12y=30, i.e. y=2.5 and x=7.5. u(x,y) = 18.75. (8) Automobile bodies and automobile wheels are perfect complements. Normally, four wheels are consumed for each body purchased. Draw the typical consumer’s indifference map for these two goods, auto bodies, and auto wheels. What can you say about the point of equilibrium for the typical consumer of these two items? Indicate the point of equilibrium on the diagram for lower and higher levels of personal income. At the point of equilibrium, a consumer consumes only an integer amount of the two goods. He consumes x cars and the corresponding amount of wheels, i.e. (4*x) since you require 4 wheels for each car. Your equilibrium is at the point where the budget curve is tangent to the indifference curve, i.e. at the kink of the IC’s. Suppose a person has income sufficient to buy only one car. The his equilibrium point is at L. Compared to this a relatively higher income level individual will consume more number of cars, say like point H at his equilibrium. (9) With respect to three goods – ice cream, green tea, and digital cameras, what does it means when your preference for, and satisfaction gained from, these three goods are consistent with the assumptions of completeness, transitivity, and (what I call) the â€Å"pig theory† of demand. When preferences are said to be complete, it implies that you can rank the three goods in terms of your preferences between them. It can never be the case that you don’t know your preference ranking between two goods. When your preferences are said to be transitive then if you prefer x to y and then y to z, then it must be the case that you prefer x to z. If not then your preferences violate transitivity. If preferences satisfy completeness and transitivity then as the price of the good increases the demand for the good falls. This is the pig theory of demand. (10) What does it mean when we say that the MRS is A NEGTIVE VALUE on the indifference curve? Indifference curves are downward sloping and the level of utility is constant along an indifference curve. As you give up some unit of the good on X axis, say X, you need more of the good on Y axis, say Y, to keep your utility level constant. Hence the slope of the indifference curve, which is the MRS, i.e. the ratio in which you are will to substitute one good for the other while remaining at the same level of utility, is negative. It is negative since as the amount of X decreases, Y has to increase. (11) If your equilibrium point between two goods X and Y is a CORNER SOLUTION, and you are on the X axis, what does that indicate about the relation between your personal MRS between X and Y and the market determined price ratio Px/Py? Why is this a corner solution? In case of corner solution, at the equilibrium the price ratio and the MRS are not equal, unlike in the case of an interior solution. Since you are on X axis and hence consuming only X and zero amount of Y, the MRS =∞, i.e. no amount of Y can increase your utility level for the given level of X. (12) If your equilibrium point between two goods X and Y is a CORNER SOLUTION, and you are on the Y axis, what does that indicate about the relation between your personal MRS between X and Y and the market determined price ratio Px/Py? Why is this a corner solution? In case of corner solution, at the equilibrium the price ratio and the MRS are not equal, unlike in the case of an interior solution. Since you are on Y axis and hence consuming only Y and zero amount of X, the MRS =0, i.e. no amount of X can increase your utility level for the given level of Y. (13)How might an indifference curve map indicate your personal preferences if you believe in the following: Coke is just as good as Pepsi You consider Pepsi and Coke to be perfect substitutes for each other and hence your indifference curves will be straight lines. I hate rainy days and just love sunny days. You consider rainy days to be bad goods. Given rainy days is on the vertical axis and sunny days are on the horizontal axis, your indifference curves are upward sloping with utility increasing along the horizontal axis. Compared to everything else I could possible buy, I absolutely, positively want an Audi tt sports car. Having an Audi is your satiation point or your bliss point. Hence your indifference curve are concentric circles around this point. Baskin-Robbins Jamoca Almond Fudge ® ice cream is so addictive. flavor is absolutely huge!. My craving for this If the fudge ice cream is on the horizontal axis, then your indifference curves are relatively steep, i.e. you are willing to give up the ice cream only if you receive relatively large amounts of the other goods in compensation. I like ice cream, but under very few circumstances will I eat yoghurt. You consume ice cream and yoghurt in a particular combination. Hence these two goods are considered as perfect complements of each other but with greater weight on ice creams. Therefore your indifference curves are L shaped. (14) Draw an indifference map where at your point of consumption your MRS between X and Y is 3 and the price of X is $1.00 and the price of Y is $1.00. Is there anything you can do to raise your level of satisfaction? If so, what is it? If increasing your utility is possible, where do you want to  end up on the diagram and why? The MRS =3 while the price ratio is =1. Hence you are not at the optimum. At the utility maximizing point we require MRS=PX/PY. i.e. MRS=MUx/MUy = PX/PY, i.e. MUx/Px=MUy/Py. In this case we have, MUx/Px=3 while MUy/Py =1. Hence you are getting more utility from the last dollar spent on X than from Y. Therefore you can increase your utility by consuming more X and less Y. (15) Draw an indifference map where at your point of consumption your MRS between X and Y is 1 and the price of X is $3.00 and the price of Y is $1.00. Is there anything you can do to raise your level of satisfaction? If so, what is it? If increasing your utility is possible, where do you want to end up on the diagram and why? The MRS =1 while the price ratio is =3. Hence you are not at the optimum. At the utility maximizing point we require MRS=PX/PY. i.e. MRS=MUx/MUy = PX/PY, i.e. MUx/Px=MUy/Py. In this case we have, MUx/Px=1/3 while MUy/Py =1. Hence you are getting more utility from the last dollar spent on Y than from X. Therefore you can increase your utility by consuming more Y and less X.  (16) The Addictive Foods Corporation wants you do purchase and eat as much of its possible as is humanly possible. So Addictive Foods designs a pricing strategy to encourage this result. Given your own utility preferences for products of the type marketed and sold by Addictive, what is the likely shape of your budget constraint? Where might you end up on this constraint? If the pricing campaign is totally successful, where might most people end up on the constraint? The budget constraint is likely to be relatively flat (assuming food is on the horizontal axis) since Addictive Foods Corporation would charge a  relatively lower price. Given your preferences, you are likely to end up consuming relatively large amounts of food. If the pricing strategy is successful most people would end up to the right of the midpoint of their budget constraint, i.e. they would consume relatively large amounts of food. (17) The Greenie Energy Corporation wants you to conserve your household energy use – electricity and gas. So Greenie designs a pricing strategy to encourage this result. Given your own utility preferences for the energy marketed and sold by Greenie, what is the likely shape of your budget constraint? Where might you end up on this constraint? If the pricing campaign is totally successful, where might most people end up on the constraint? The budget constraint is likely to be steep (assuming that energy is on the horizontal axis). Greenie Energy Corporation would charge a relatively high price to discourage usage of  energy. Given your preferences, you are likely to end up consuming relatively small amounts of energy. If the pricing strategy is successful most people would end up to the left of the midpoint of their budget constraint, i.e. they would consume relatively small amounts of energy. HW 2. (1) What does â€Å"homogeneity† of demand mean? If the prices of all goods rises by 10% and you get a 10% income raise, what happens to your â€Å"real† income and purchasing power. If you were to represent this situation on an indifference map as you consumed goods X and Y, how would you show it? Homogeneity of demand is x(p,m) = x(ap,am), i.e. as income and prices increase by same proportion, the demand remains unchanged. If the prices of all goods rise by 10% and income increases by 10%, then your real income and purchasing power remains unchanged. On the indifference map you remain at your initial equilibrium. (2) You consume two goods, X and Y. You really prefer X to Y. Also for you Y is an Inferior good. X is a Normal good. Starting from an initial position of equilibrium, you face a sudden rise in income. Go re-establish a new equilibrium. How would you represent all of this on your indifference map? As your income increases, given that Y is inferior, you will consume less of Y and more of X. You move to a higher indifference curve and hence attain more utility since the budget set has expanded. (3) You are in equilibrium on your indifference map with respect to X and Y. Your income does not change, but the price of X falls. You move to a new point of equilibrium on the indifference map. Show: Where you end up if both X and Y are normal goods. Where you end up if X is normal and Y is inferior. Where you end up if X is inferior and Y is normal. Now: Show the impact of the income and substitution effects with respect to your consumption of the good X in each of the three cases. Are the substitution effects different in each of these three two cases? As the price of X falls you will consume more and X and less of Y under the substitution effect. This holds across the three cases.  In case of X and Y being normal goods, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume more of both X and Y. At the new equilibrium you will consume more X and the amount of Y consumed depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and income effects. In case of X being normal and Y being an inferior good, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume more of X and less of Y. At the new equilibrium you will consume more X and the amount of Y consumed falls. In case of X being an inferior good and Y being a normal good, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume less of X and more of Y. At the new equilibrium your consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and income effects. For instance, if the substitution effect is stronger then you will consume more X and less Y. (4) What is a Giffen Paradox? If the good X is subject to a Giffen Paradox, show with indifference curve, how you would respond to a sudden rise in the price of X. Show the income and substitution effects with respect to your consumption of X after the price rise. According to the Giffen paradox as the income increases, you consume less of the good. For a given rise in price of X, the substitution effect induces you to consume less of X and more of Y. Since your real income has reduced, the income effect induces to consume more X (by Giffen paradox) and the consumption of Y reduces. At the new equilibrium, the final consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strength of income and substitution effects. If the income effect is stronger, then you will consume more X and less of Y at the new equilibrium. (5) Using indifference curve analysis, show how a TAX on the consumption of the good X can be less satisfactory from a satisfaction standpoint (utility standpoint) than a tax that raises the equivalent amount of money on income. A tax on X changes the price ratio and budget curve pivots inward. Let e1 be the new equilibrium point. For an equivalent tax on income, the new budget line will pass through this point parallel to the original indifference curve. The indifference curve at the equilibrium e1 cuts the budget curve with tax on income. Hence you move to a new indifference curve which is tangential to the budget curve with income tax, with the new equilibrium lying to the right of e1 and hence on a higher indifference curve. (6) Using indifference curve analysis, show how a unit TAX on the consumption of the good X that is completely reimbursed back to the consumer can lead to less satisfaction than before, even when the entire tax amount is handed  back to the consumer. (7) You are in equilibrium on your indifference map in your consumption of X and Y. The price of X drops. Show where you might end up if X and Y were complement goods. Show where you might end up if X and Y demonstrated substitutability. In case of complementary goods, a fall in price of X results in increase in consumption of both X and Y in a given proportion (depends on the ratio in which you consume the two). In case of substitutes assume that the price ratio equals the MRS which implies that you are consuming positive amounts of both goods at your equilibrium. However once the price of X falls, it makes X relatively cheaper of the two goods and being perfect substitutes, you will spend your entire income on X and none of Y. (8) Here is a question that deals with the notion of exogenous variables and your ability to consume goods and services. Let’s say that you live on a Pacific Island with a bunch of other people. Let’s say as well is that your â€Å"profession† is to make and sell â€Å"wind kites†. This is a very desirable form of entertainment for the islanders. The market has determined the price of what you make (wind-kites), and the prices of all of the other things that you want to buy. You consume coffee and candy as goods X and Y. Your income is from the sale of wind-kites. You face two issues: First, you really want more coffee and candy than you can afford, and Second, some other people are out there also making wind-kites. So, what do you propose to do to raise your â€Å"income† (push out your budget constraint) in order to consume more of these two items that you really crave? How would you represent your successful efforts on a two-dimension graph? What if the price of coffee skyrockets? What happens to your graph? What happens to your consumption of coffee and candy if both are normal goods? What additional steps might you take to maintain your purchasing power over the goods you demand to consume? When it comes to your manufacture of wind-kites, can you think in what ways any accumulated knowledge and wisdom on the island (the past experience and  efforts of other people) helps you in your profession? Note: there are many possible answers to (8), but all follow a correct micro-economic logic. And this is an economic logic that we all face every day of our lives in the real world. I want to consume more coffee and candy but I am constrained by my budget. Hence to consume more of these goods I need to increase my budget, i.e. income and this can be done only by increasing profits from selling kites. One is to reduce the cost of manufacturing the kites which will in turn lead to higher profit margins on each unit of kite sold. Also there are others selling wind kites. To increase sales revenue, I can also lower my price, but this requires the demand for kites to be inelastic and my price cut should not be matched by the other kite sellers. If I can increase my income then I can consume more of the two goods and hence move to a higher indifference curve at the new equilibrium.  However if the price of coffee increases, then under the substitution effect I consume less of coffee and more candy. But my real income has fallen and thus the income effect induces me to reduce consumption of both goods. At the final equilibrium, I will consume less coffee. The relative consumption level of candy depends on the strength of substitution effect relative to the income effect. If I can make use of accumulated knowledge and wisdom on the island, then it will help lower my costs of production and thus increase my profit margin on each unit sold. (9) Simple, but important. What is the difference between a â€Å"shift in demand† (an increase or decrease in demand) and a â€Å"change in the quantity demanded†? What do these concepts have to do with endogenous and exogenous variables? A shift in demand implies movement along different demand curves. A demand curve shifts when an exogenous variable changes. A change in quantity demanded is a movement along the demand curve. A change  in demand occurs when the endogenous variable varies. (10) Now here is a challenge. If you can work through the answer to this problem and understand it, you will have an insight as to what can drive national economic and most especially foreign policy of a country like the United States. The GDP of the USA is almost 70% consumption of goods and services by individuals. It is desire and possibility to consume all these goods that provide incentives for businesses to  make the goods and therefore provide employment and income for hundreds of millions of people.  Just about all of the goods that we consume and use in the USA are made with petroleum (oil) as an input. Soap, plastics, machines, medicines, and (obviously) gasoline and diesel fuel are examples. Suppose we had an indifference curve that showed the relationship between the consumption of all oil and oil-based goods (X) and all other goods (Y) for all Americans. Show what would typically happen in terms of income effects, substitution effects, and welfare loss if the US suddenly faced a large rise in the price of imported oil. A large rise in the price of imported oil would make imports relatively expensive. Given that 70% of income is spent on imports, the increase in price of imports significantly reduces the purchasing power of income and you move to a lower indifference curve. Hence there is a large reduction in welfare. (11) An issue facing just about all consumers (ALL OF US) is that of trying to move out the budget constraint (increasing purchasing power through a rise in income). I admit, I want that too. Using indifference curve analysis, we see how movements in income can â€Å"compensate† for price changes. Let’s say you were faced with a rise in the general price level for the goods you desire to consume. How would this impact your position in the budget-constraint indifference curve diagram?  Now, remembering the diagram about earnings and wage-power that I put on the board in an early lecture, think of ways that you could try to remedy this situation, right now? Remember the three factors that will determine how  much purchasing power you will have over the goods and services that others in the community produce (should you WANT to consume them). What resources are there in the community that can help you solve this problem? (This is a very practical and real-life question that should make our ECN 100 theory more relevant to you.) A general rise in the price of goods would shift the budget constraint inward, i.e. your budget set contracts since the purchasing power reduces. This induces you to move to a lower indifference curve. The lower purchasing power can be compensated for by increasing the number of hours worked (i.e. by reducing leisure enjoyed). Alternatively, you can invest your income in inflation-indexed bonds which will prevent your purchasing power from decreasing. (12) Which of the two phrases that follow would indicate a demand curve moving vertically or horizontally?  An article that coffee is healthy results in people drinking more coffee at any price. An article that coffee is healthy results in people wanting to pay more for coffee no matter how much they drink.  The first article indicates a shift of the demand curve. The article induces people to change their tastes and hence consume more coffee at the same price. (13) If he price of coffee rises from $3 to $4 per pound and as a result you lower your consumption of coffee from 4 pounds per week to 3 pounds per week, what is your personal elasticity of demand for coffee? Is your demand elastic or inelastic at this point? The elasticity is given by e=(dQ/dP)/(P/Q) = -1*(3/4) =0.75. Your demand is inelastic at this point since ebagels purchased? What can Noah expect to happen to his total revenue earned after this price increase of the bagel? Why would a typical business desire a demand curve for its product that is as least elastic or as inelastic as possible? We can assume that the price elasticity for Noah’s Bagels is inelastic if it is less than 1. We can define price elasticity as, e= (% change in demand)/(%change in price). Since demand is inelastic, e If the price elasticity of demand is inelastic, then as the price increases, the total revenue will increase. If the price elasticity of demand is elastic, then as the price increases the total revenue falls. For unitary elastic demand, for changes in price, the total revenue remains unchanged. (16) If a linear demand curve has a slope of One, what is the value of the price elasticity of demand on this demand curve at its midpoint? What is the value of the price elasticity on the curve above the midpoint? Below the midpoint? For a linear demand curve of slope=1, we have dQ/dP=1. At the midpoint, P=Q. Hence e=(dQ/dP)/(P/Q) =1. For any point above the midpoint, PQ, thus e1 and for any point below the demand curve, P  changes for coffee, why is it that the demand curve would ALWAYS be downward sloping. Show how this demand curve would be determined using the indifference map and budget constraint diagram for a typical coffee consumer. The substitution effect induces the consumer to consume more of the relatively cheaper good. Hence as the price of a good increases you will substitute away from it. Hence the demand curve under the substitution effect is downward sloping. An increase in the price of X pivots the budget curve inwards around the vertical intercept. To capture the substitution effect, a new budget curve where the real income is held constant is defined. The initial equilibrium is at e0. For the budget curve to the right of e0 lies below the original budget curve and hence was already affordable. Hence the consumer will consume to the left of e0 under the new equilibrium. Hence as the price of X increases, the substitution effect induces the consumer to reduce the consumption of X. (19) Let’s say the commodity â€Å"X† is a Giffen Good. Using the indifference map and budget constraint for the typical consumer of this good, show how the combination of the substation and income effects results is an UPWARD SLOPING demand curve for â€Å"X†. For a given rise in price of X, the substitution effect induces you to consume less of X and more of Y. Since your real income has reduced, the income effect induces to consume more X (by Giffen paradox) and the consumption of Y reduces. At the new equilibrium, the final consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strength of income and substitution effects. If the income effect is stronger, then you will consume more X and less of Y at the new equilibrium. Hence as the price of X increases, you consume more of X and hence the demand curve is upward sloping. (20) This next question is related for (6) above and is repeated for emphasis. Your government wants you to consume less Coffee. It believes that the caffeine in coffee is harmful to your health. Thus, your government decides to place a tax on your purchase of coffee. Coffee is a NORMAL good.  This tax is a FIXED PERCENTAGE of the price (amount of money) you pay to this product. For every dollar you spend on coffee, you pay a â€Å"t† percent tax on that dollar. Therefore the more money you spend on coffee, the more tax you pay. BUT, your government feels sorry for you and decides to rebate back to you the tax you pay on the coffee that you purchase (all of it). With the rebate, you can do what you wish. Please use the tools we have developed thus far in the course to show: (1) The original consumer equilibrium before the tax and the impact of the tax on the budget line and the new consumer equilibrium after the imposition of the tax. (2) The impact of the tax rebate on the consumer and the new consumer equilibrium after the rebate. (3) How the new consumer equilibrium with the rebate leaves the consumer â€Å"worse off† than had the tax not been levied in the first place. Since you are moving to a lower indifference curve after the rebate, you are worse off under this system. (21) If potatoes are an inferior good, how would we show that to be the case using a simple calculation of the income elasticity of demand for potatoes? Income elasticity can be defines as, ei = (dQ/dI)/(I/Q). Since potatoes are inferior goods, as the income increases you consume less of it, i.e. (dQ/dI) Assuming that the demand is linear, i.e. it is a straight line joining (0,10) and (10,0), the consumer surplus for P=5 will be half the area of the triangle enclosed by the demand curve. Hence consumer surplus =  ½*[1/2*10*10] =$25. Consumer surplus on a unit sold is the difference between what the consumer is willing to pay for that less the amount he actually has to pay. Therefore the lower the price he has to actually pay relative to his willingness to pay, greater is his consumer surplus and hence greater the welfare.